12TH STANDARD CHEMISTRY PROJECT- DYEING

 

 

 

CHEMISTRY PROJECT FILE

ON

DYEING

 

PROJECT PREPARED BY:    UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

 ****NAME****                     Mr.K. SARAVANAKUMAR  MSc., B.Ed.,

 XII STANDARD                                CHEMISTRY TEACHER

ROLL NO:                                

SESSION : 2019-2020

                         

 

SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

(Affiliation No: 1930499)

Devarayampalayam bypass road, Avinashi,

Tirupur  – 641654

 

 

CERTIFICATE

 

This is to certify that ****NAME**** of class XII standard, SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, Avinashi, Tirupur has successfully completed his Project Report in Chemistry on topic “DYEING” for the partial fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed by CBSE in the year 2019-2020.

 

Date:

 

Registration Number:

 

 

Signature of Teacher                            Signature of Principal

 

 

 

Signature of External Examiner

SNO	TITLE	PAGE NO.
1	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	01
2	INTRODUCTION	02
3	METHOD TO APPLY DYE	03
4	TYPES OF DYE	04
5	DYEING MACHINE	07
6	SHADE CARDS	10
7	PRODUCT OF YARN DYEING	12
8	OBJECTIVE	13
9	PROCEDURE	13
10	OBSERVATION	15
11	BIBLIOGRAPHY	16

CONTENTS

                             

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

“All that on earth will perish, but

Abide the face of thy Lord”

First and Foremost, I praise and thank the God, who has been unfailing source of strength and comfort in the completion of this project work.

I would like to thank our Correspondent for giving the opportunity to do this project.

I am extremely thankful to the Executive Director Sir and Executive Directress ma'am for their energetic motivation to complete this project in a tremendous manner.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our principal           Ms.V.  Sharmila Sunitha M.Sc.,M.Ed.,  who gave me the golden opportunity to complete this wonderful report.

I really deem it a special privilege to convey my prodigious and everlasting thanks to my Chemistry teacher Mr.K.Saravanakumar, M.SC.,  B.Ed., for her remarkable guidance and encouragement in the project study on presence of starch in monocot seed, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

Finally I would like to thank CBSE for giving me this opportunity to undertake this project.

INTRODUCTION

                    Dyes are coloured substance which can adhere to the surface of materials and are used to give colour to paper, food, stuffs, and various textile such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibers,

silks etc…

 for example: alizarin, indigo, congored, etc.

Chemically a dye contains:

·      Some group (such as azo, indigoid, triphenyl methyl, anthraquinone etc.) which is responsible for the colour of the dye.

·      Some groups (such as -NH2, -SO3H, -COOH, etc) which makes them dye stick to the fabric by formation of some salt.

·      A mordant to improve the fastness of the dye in fabrics.

                       Dying is the process of adding colour to textile products like fabric, yard and fabrics. The temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing.

The primary source of dye, historically has been nature, with the dye being extracted from plants and animals. Since the 18^th century, humans produce artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colours and to render the dyes more stable to resist washing and general use.

The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a particular dye absorbs radations of some specific wavelength of some specific wavelength from the visible region of electromagnetic radiations which fall on the surface.

The remaining radiations (complementary colour) of light are reflected. The colour which we observe is due to the reflected light. For example, if a dye observe the light in the wavelength region corresponding to red, then it would appear green, which is the complementary colour of red. Similary if dye absorbs blue colour, it would appear orange.

METHODS TO APPLY DYE

Dye’s are applied to textile goods by dyeing from dye solution and by printing from dye pasters methods include:

1. Direct application

2. Yarn dyeing

 

 

 

TYPES OF DYE:

The dyes are classified by dye manufactures for marketing into the following types.

1.  ACID DYES:

These are azo dyes and are characterized by the presence of acidic group. The presence of soluble and serves as the reactive points for fixing the dye to the fiber. They are chiefly used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon.

For example: Orange i and Orange ii.

 

2.BASIC DYES:

These dyes contains NH2 or NO2.in acidic solution, these form water soluble cation and use the anions sites on the fabric to get used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon.

Example: Aniline yellow, Butter yellow.

 

 

3.DIRECT DYES:

These are also azo dyes and are used to dye fabric directly by placing in aqueous solution of the dye. These dyes attach to the fabric by means of hydrogen bonding.

 

4.DISPERSE DYES:

These dyes are applied in the form of dispersion of minute particles in the dye in the soap solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid. These dyes are used to dye rayon, dacron, nylon, polyesters etc.

For example: celliton fast pink b and celliton fast blue b.

 

5.FIBRES REACTIVE  DYES:

These dyes are linked to the fiber by –OH or-NH2 group present on the fiber. These dyes induse fast colour no fabrics which is retained for a longer time. These dyes are used for dyeing cotton, wool and silk.

 

 

6.INSOLUBLE DYES:

These dyes are directly synthesized on the fiber. The fabric to be coloured soaked in an alkaline solution of phenol and then treated with a solution of diazotized amine to produce azo dye. The colour induced by such dyes is not so fast. These dyes are used for dyeing cotton, silk, polyester etc.

For example: Nitroaniline red.

7.VAT DYES:

These dyes are water insoluble and before dyeing these are reduced to colourless compounds in wooden vats by alkaline reducing agents. The fibers are then soaked in the solution of the dye. Fiber is then exposed to air or an oxidizing agent. By doing so the colourless compound gets reoxidized to coloured dye on the fabric

For example: Indigo.

8.MORDANT DYES:

These dyes are applied after treat in the fabric with precipitates of certain substance (mordant material) which then combines with the dye to form a coloured complex called lake. Some of the mordants are salts of aluminium, iron and tannic acids.

 

DYEING

        MACHINE

 

 

 

 

SOFT FLOW DYEING MACHINE

The soft flow dyeing machine water is set for keeping the fabric in circulation. The conceptional difference of this equipment from a conventional jets that operates with a hydraulic system is that the fabric rope is kept circulating during the whole processing cycle.

 

KEY FEATURES OF SOFT FLOW DYEING MACHINE

1. Significant saving in processing time

2. Savings in water that is around 50%
3. Excellent separation of different streams result in optimum that heat recovery and distinct possibility of further use or a dedicated treatment.

 

PRODUCTS OF SOFT FLOW DYEING MACHINE:

       (pictures should be added based on your observation)

 

SHADE CARDS:

        (pictures should be added based on your observation)

 

YARN DYEING:

There are many forms of yarn dyeing common forms are the package form and the hanks form. Cotton yarns are mostly dyed at package form, and acrylic or wool yarn are dyed at hank form.

 The continuous filament industry, polyester or polyamide yarns are always dyed at package form, while viscose rayon yarns are partly dyed at hank form because of technology.

 

PRODUCTS OF YARN DYEING:

        (pictures should be added based on your observation)

 

OBJECTIVE:

To dye wool and cotton with malachite green.

PROCEDURE:

1) PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION:

               Like about 0.5g of solid sodium carbonate and dissolve it in 250ml of water.

2) PREPARATION OF TARTAR EMITIC SOLUTION :

            Take about 0.2g of tartar emetic and dissolve it in 100ml by stirring with the help of glass rod.

3) PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION:

          Take about 0.2g of tartar emetic take 100ml of water in a beaker and add about 1,0g of tannic acid to it. Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic acid is obtained.

4) PREPARATION OF DYEING SOLUTION:

Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye compare the colour with that dyed by using mordant.

 

5) DYING OF WOOL:

Take about 200ml of dye solution and dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for drying.

 

6) DYEING OF COTTON:

Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily therefore it requires the use of a mordant. For dye in a cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then put the cloth in hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and keep it in tartar emetic solution for about 5 minutes.

7. DYING OF COTTON DIRECTLY:

Take another piece of cotton cloth and pit it directly into boiling solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes. Remove the cloth, wash with water, squeeze and keep for drying.

 

 

 

OBSERVATIONS:

1) The colour of wool cloth dyed directly dipping in hot solution of malachite green dye is fast.

2 )The colour of cotton dyed cloth directly (without using mordant)by dipping in hot solution of malachite green is not so fast to washing and is of low intensity.

3) The colour of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using mordant and of malachite green is fast to washing and is of high intensity.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry

2.   http://www.britanica.com/science/electrochemical-reaction

3.   http://sor.chem.ox.ac.uk/

4.   http://suncat.stanford.edu/theory/research/electrochemical